![]() Note: Importing styles in a CSS file like this chain as they load, so it's more performant to include everything in a style tag within your HTML. You can still set imported files to specific layers, but the ordering is already established. Now, the order in which you your styles won’t matter to the layer order, since it’s already established at the first instance of the layer name. An alternative approach would be to organize your layers at the top of the file, declaring them before any imports: base, On import of the file, the layers are instantiated using the layer function. ![]() The normalize, theme, and typography files in base, with a post file in layouts, and cards and footer both in components. The above code snippet has three layers: base, layouts, and components. * Components './styles/components/cards.css' layer(components) /* imports card './styles/components/footer.css' layer(components) /* footer component */ * Layouts './styles/components/post.css' layer(layouts) /* post layout */ You can do this directly when you import styles, using a layer() function as in the following example.: /* Base './styles/base/normalize.css' layer(base) /* normalize or rest file './styles/base/base.css' layer(base) /* body and base styles './styles/base/theme.css' layer(theme) /* theme variables './styles/base/typography.css' layer(theme) /* theme typography './styles/base/utilities.css' layer(utilities) /* base utilities */ Organizing importsĪnother way to use is with import files. This is an ideal way to structure your layered styles: from least to most specific, and a great convention to follow when writing layered styles. Note: ITCSS, or inverted-triangle CSS, is Harry Robert’s invention of a CSS methodology that helps with ideal style organization with the fewest overrides and complexities. They are no longer going to be green links, but instead red or blue. Hence, the style rules in the base layer will always have a higher specificity than the style rules in the typography layer. This is because the layer order is now reversed, putting utilities first and base last. link would appear blue: utilities, typography, base That means, if you add the following to the top of the file, the links would all appear red, and the link with class. Layer order is established by the first time each layer name appears in your code. You can organize layers directly on the page, as shown above, or you can organize them at the top of a file. Layer precedence beats the element specificity. The CSS then adds three layers: base, typography, and utilities as follows: base when the green rule is in a layer after the blue rule. This example showcases the power of cascade layers, using There are several links shown: some without any additional class names applied, one with a. Layered styles create new cascade "planes." in action See demo on Codepen. If trying to style a link, inside a card, within a post you will find that the more specific selector will be applied.īy using you can be more explicit about the style-specificity of each, and make sure that your card link’s styles override the post link’s styles, even though the specificity might numerically be lower if all your CSS was on the same plane. With layered styles, the precedence of a layer always beats the specificity of a selector.įor example, the selector. They introduce a new layer to the CSS cascade. An illustrated example of BEM naming from .Ĭascade layers aim to solve this problem. However, it’s not always possible to maintain such organized styles, especially when working with third-party code and design systems. By giving everything a single classname, everything is placed on the same specificity plane. ![]() This is an elemental part of learning CSS.įolks turn to CSS naming conventions like BEM to prevent overriding specificity unintentionally. For example, elements are less specific than classes or attributes, which are in turn less specific than IDs. The different selectors you can use determine the specificity of any style rule. CSS specificity and the cascadeĬSS specificity is how CSS decides which styles to apply to which elements. Layering your CSS in a clear way prevents unexpected style overrides and promotes better CSS architecture. This is particularly useful for large codebases, design systems, and when managing third party styles in applications. They enable more explicit control of your CSS files to prevent style-specificity conflicts. Cascade layers (the CSS rule) are coming to Chromium 99, Firefox 97, and Safari 15.4 Beta.
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